
                                 einverted 



Function

   Finds inverted repeats in nucleotide sequences

Description

   einverted finds inverted repeats (stem loops) in nucleotide sequences.
   It identifies regions of local alignment of the input sequence and its
   reverse complement that exceed a threshold score. The alignments may
   include a proportion of mismatches and gaps, which correspond to
   bulges in the stem loop. One or more sequences are read and a file
   with the sequence(s) (without gap characters) of the inverted repeat
   regions is written. It can find multiple inverted repeats in a
   sequence. Only non-overlapping matches are reported.

Algorithm

   einverted uses dynamic programming and thus is guaranteed to find
   optimal, local alignments between the sequence and its reverse
   complement. Matched bases contribute positively to the score whereas
   gaps and mismatches are penalised. The score for a local alignment is
   the sum of the values of each match, minus penalties for mismatches
   and gap insertion. Any region whose score exceeds the threshold is
   reported. The gap penalty, match score and mismatch score, and the
   threshold score for reporting regions, are all user-specified.

Usage

   Here is a sample session with einverted


% einverted tembl:d00596 
Finds inverted repeats in nucleotide sequences
Gap penalty [12]: 
Minimum score threshold [50]: 
Match score [3]: 
Mismatch score [-4]: 
Sanger Centre program inverted output file [d00596.inv]: 
File for sequence of regions of inverted repeats. [d00596.fasta]: 

   Go to the input files for this example
   Go to the output files for this example

Command line arguments

   Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers:
  [-sequence]          seqall     Nucleotide sequence(s) filename and optional
                                  format, or reference (input USA)
   -gap                integer    [12] Gap penalty (Any integer value)
   -threshold          integer    [50] Minimum score threshold (Any integer
                                  value)
   -match              integer    [3] Match score (Any integer value)
   -mismatch           integer    [-4] Mismatch score (Any integer value)
  [-outfile]           outfile    [*.einverted] Sanger Centre program inverted
                                  output file
  [-outseq]            seqout     [.] The sequence of the
                                  inverted repeat regions without gap
                                  characters.

   Additional (Optional) qualifiers:
   -maxrepeat          integer    [2000] Maximum separation between the start
                                  of repeat and the end of the inverted repeat
                                  (the default is 2000 bases). (Any integer
                                  value)

   Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers: (none)
   Associated qualifiers:

   "-sequence" associated qualifiers
   -sbegin1            integer    Start of each sequence to be used
   -send1              integer    End of each sequence to be used
   -sreverse1          boolean    Reverse (if DNA)
   -sask1              boolean    Ask for begin/end/reverse
   -snucleotide1       boolean    Sequence is nucleotide
   -sprotein1          boolean    Sequence is protein
   -slower1            boolean    Make lower case
   -supper1            boolean    Make upper case
   -sformat1           string     Input sequence format
   -sdbname1           string     Database name
   -sid1               string     Entryname
   -ufo1               string     UFO features
   -fformat1           string     Features format
   -fopenfile1         string     Features file name

   "-outfile" associated qualifiers
   -odirectory2        string     Output directory

   "-outseq" associated qualifiers
   -osformat3          string     Output seq format
   -osextension3       string     File name extension
   -osname3            string     Base file name
   -osdirectory3       string     Output directory
   -osdbname3          string     Database name to add
   -ossingle3          boolean    Separate file for each entry
   -oufo3              string     UFO features
   -offormat3          string     Features format
   -ofname3            string     Features file name
   -ofdirectory3       string     Output directory

   General qualifiers:
   -auto               boolean    Turn off prompts
   -stdout             boolean    Write first file to standard output
   -filter             boolean    Read first file from standard input, write
                                  first file to standard output
   -options            boolean    Prompt for standard and additional values
   -debug              boolean    Write debug output to program.dbg
   -verbose            boolean    Report some/full command line options
   -help               boolean    Report command line options. More
                                  information on associated and general
                                  qualifiers can be found with -help -verbose
   -warning            boolean    Report warnings
   -error              boolean    Report errors
   -fatal              boolean    Report fatal errors
   -die                boolean    Report dying program messages

Input file format

   The input for einverted is a nucleotide sequence

  Input files for usage example

   'tembl:d00596' is a sequence entry in the example nucleic acid
   database 'tembl'

  Database entry: tembl:d00596

ID   D00596; SV 1; linear; genomic DNA; STD; HUM; 18596 BP.
XX
AC   D00596;
XX
DT   17-JUL-1991 (Rel. 28, Created)
DT   14-NOV-2006 (Rel. 89, Last updated, Version 3)
XX
DE   Homo sapiens gene for thymidylate synthase, exons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
DE   complete cds.
XX
KW   thymidylate syntase.
XX
OS   Homo sapiens (human)
OC   Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia
;
OC   Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae;
OC   Homo.
XX
RN   [1]
RP   1-18596
RX   PUBMED; 2243092.
RA   Kaneda S., Nalbantoglu J., Takeishi K., Shimizu K., Gotoh O., Seno T.,
RA   Ayusawa D.;
RT   "Structural and functional analysis of the human thymidylate synthase
RT   gene.";
RL   J. Biol. Chem. 265(33):20277-20284(1990).
XX
DR   GDB; 163670.
DR   GDB; 182340.
XX
CC   These data kindly submitted in computer readable form by:
CC   Sumiko Kaneda
CC   National Institute of Genetics
CC   1111 Yata
CC   Mishima 411
CC   Japan
CC   Phone:  +81-559-72-2732
CC   Fax:    +81-559-71-3651
XX
FH   Key             Location/Qualifiers
FH
FT   source          1..18596
FT                   /organism="Homo sapiens"
FT                   /chromosome="18"
FT                   /map="18p11.32"
FT                   /mol_type="genomic DNA"
FT                   /clone="lambdaHTS-1 and lambdaHTS-3"
FT                   /db_xref="taxon:9606"
FT   repeat_unit     1..148
FT                   /note="Alu sequence"
FT   repeat_unit     202..477


  [Part of this file has been deleted for brevity]

     ttttgttttt agcttcagcg agaacccaga cctttcccaa agctcaggat tcttcgaaaa     1566
0
     gttgagaaaa ttgatgactt caaagctgaa gactttcaga ttgaagggta caatccgcat     1572
0
     ccaactatta aaatggaaat ggctgtttag ggtgctttca aaggagctcg aaggatattg     1578
0
     tcagtcttta ggggttgggc tggatgccga ggtaaaagtt ctttttgctc taaaagaaaa     1584
0
     aggaactagg tcaaaaatct gtccgtgacc tatcagttat taatttttaa ggatgttgcc     1590
0
     actggcaaat gtaactgtgc cagttctttc cataataaaa ggctttgagt taactcactg     1596
0
     agggtatctg acaatgctga ggttatgaac aaagtgagga gaatgaaatg tatgtgctct     1602
0
     tagcaaaaac atgtatgtgc atttcaatcc cacgtactta taaagaaggt tggtgaattt     1608
0
     cacaagctat ttttggaata tttttagaat attttaagaa tttcacaagc tattccctca     1614
0
     aatctgaggg agctgagtaa caccatcgat catgatgtag agtgtggtta tgaactttaa     1620
0
     agttatagtt gttttatatg ttgctataat aaagaagtgt tctgcattcg tccacgcttt     1626
0
     gttcattctg tactgccact tatctgctca gttccttcct aaaatagatt aaagaactct     1632
0
     ccttaagtaa acatgtgctg tattctggtt tggatgctac ttaaaagagt atattttaga     1638
0
     aataatagtg aatatatttt gccctatttt tctcatttta actgcatctt atcctcaaaa     1644
0
     tataatgacc atttaggata gagttttttt tttttttttt taaactttta taaccttaaa     1650
0
     gggttatttt aaaataatct atggactacc attttgccct cattagcttc agcatggtgt     1656
0
     gacttctcta ataatatgct tagattaagc aaggaaaaga tgcaaaacca cttcggggtt     1662
0
     aatcagtgaa atatttttcc cttcgttgca taccagatac ccccggtgtt gcacgactat     1668
0
     ttttattctg ctaatttatg acaagtgtta aacagaacaa ggaattattc caacaagtta     1674
0
     tgcaacatgt tgcttatttt caaattacag tttaatgtct aggtgccagc ccttgatata     1680
0
     gctatttttg taagaacatc ctcctggact ttgggttagt taaatctaaa cttatttaag     1686
0
     gattaagtag gataacgtgc attgatttgc taaaagaatc aagtaataat tacttagctg     1692
0
     attcctgagg gtggtatgac ttctagctga actcatcttg atcggtagga ttttttaaat     1698
0
     ccatttttgt aaaactattt ccaagaaatt ttaagccctt tcacttcaga aagaaaaaag     1704
0
     ttgttggggc tgagcactta attttcttga gcaggaagga gtttcttcca aacttcacca     1710
0
     tctggagact ggtgtttctt tacagattcc tccttcattt ctgttgagta gccgggatcc     1716
0
     tatcaaagac caaaaaaatg agtcctgtta acaaccacct ggaacaaaaa cagattttat     1722
0
     gcatttatgc tgctccaaga aatgctttta cgtctaagcc agaggcaatt aattaatttt     1728
0
     tttttttttg acatggagtc actgtccgtt gcccaggctg cagtgcagtg gcgcaatctt     1734
0
     ggctcactgc aacctccacc tcccaggttc aagtgattct cctgcctcag cctcccatgt     1740
0
     agctgggatc acaggcacct gccaccatgc ccggctaatt ttttgtattt tttgtagaga     1746
0
     cagggtttca ccatgttggc caggctggtc tcaaacacct gacctcaaat gatccacctg     1752
0
     cctcagcctc ccaaagtgtt gggattacag gcgtaagcca ccatgcccag ccctgaatta     1758
0
     atatttttaa aataagtttg gagactgttg gaaataatag ggcagaggaa catattttac     1764
0
     tggctacttg ccagagttag ttaactcatc aaactctttg ataatagttt gacctctgtt     1770
0
     ggtgaaaatg agccatgatc tcttgaacat gatcagaata aatgccccag ccacacaatt     1776
0
     gtagtccaaa ctttttaggt cactaacttg ctagatggtg ccaggttttt ttgcacaagg     1782
0
     agtgcaaatg ttaagatctc cactagtgag gaaaggctag tattacagaa gccttgtcag     1788
0
     aggcaattga acctccaagc cctggccctc aggcctgagg attttgatac agacaaactg     1794
0
     aagaaccgtt tgttagtgga tattgcaaac aaacaggagt caaagcttgg tgctccacag     1800
0
     tctagttcac gagacaggcg tggcagtggc tggcagcatc tcttctcaca ggggccctca     1806
0
     ggcacagctt accttgggag gcatgtagga agcccgctgg atcatcacgg gatacttgaa     1812
0
     atgctcatgc aggtggtcaa catactcaca caccctagga ggagggaatc agatcggggc     1818
0
     aatgatgcct gaagtcagat tattcacgtg gtgctaactt aaagcagaag gagcgagtac     1824
0
     cactcaattg acagtgttgg ccaaggctta gctgtgttac catgcgtttc taggcaagtc     1830
0
     cctaaacctc tgtgcctcag gtccttttct tctaaaatat agcaatgtga ggtggggact     1836
0
     ttgatgacat gaacacacga agtccctctg agaggttttg tggtgccctt taaaagggat     1842
0
     caattcagac tctgtaaata tccagaatta tttgggttcc tctggtcaaa agtcagatga     1848
0
     atagattaaa atcaccacat tttgtgatct atttttcaag aagcgtttgt attttttcat     1854
0
     atggctgcag cagctgccag gggcttgggg tttttttggc aggtagggtt gggagg         1859
6
//

Output file format

  Output files for usage example

  File: d00596.fasta

>D00596_13_142
gctacgcgagaggctgaggcagcagaattacttgaacccaggaggcggaggttgcagtga
gccgagatcgcgccactgcactccagcctgggtgagagagcgagactctgtctcaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaa
>D00596_199_328
ttttttttttttttttttgggacagtcttgctctgtcgcccaggctggagtacaatggtc
ggatcttggctcactgcaacctctgcctcccaggttcaagcaattcttctgcctcagcct
cccaagtagc
>D00596_12128_12301
agaggatttttttttttttttttttttttgagacagagttttgctctgttgcccaggctg
gaatgcaacggcgtgatcttggctcactgtaacctctgcctcctgggttcgagtgattct
cctgcctcagcctccaagtagctgggattacagcatgtgccaccatgcctggct
>D00596_12573_12749
agccaggtgtggtggctcacacctgtaattccaacaactccagaggccaaggcgagagga
tcatttgaacccacggaatttgaggctgtagtgagtcatgatcacgccattgcactccat
cctgggcaacagagtgagaccctgaatatttaaaaacaacaacaacaacaaaactct
>D00596_12246_12296
ctcctgcctcagcctccaagtagctgggattacagcatgtgccaccatgcc
>D00596_13886_13938
ggtatggtggctcatgcctgtaatcccagcactttggaagactgagacaggag
>D00596_13884_13949
tgggtatggtggctcatgcctgtaatcccagcactttggaagactgagacaggagcaatt
gcttga
>D00596_14628_14692
tcaagcaattcttctgcctcagcctcccaggtagctgggattacaggcacatgccaccac
accca

  File: d00596.inv


D00596: Score 236: 108/130 ( 83%) matches, 0 gaps
      13 gctacgcgagaggctgaggcagcagaattacttgaacccaggaggcggaggttgcagtgagccgagatcg
cgccactgcactccagcctgggtgagagagcgagactctgtctcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 142
         |||||  | ||||||||||||| |||||| ||||||||  |||||| |||||||||||||||| |||||
  ||| || ||||||||||||| || ||||| ||||| |  |  ||||||||||||||||
     328 cgatgaaccctccgactccgtcttcttaacgaacttggaccctccgtctccaacgtcactcggttctagg
ctggtaacatgaggtcggacccgctgtctcgttctgacagggtttttttttttttttttt 199

D00596: Score 164: 128/174 ( 73%) matches, 3 gaps
   12128 agaggatttttttttttttttttttttttgagacagagttttgctctgttgcccaggctggaatgcaacg
gcgtgatcttggctcactgtaacctctgcctcc-tgggttcgagtgattctcctgcctcagcctc-caagtagctggga
ttaca-gcatgtgccaccatgcctggct 12301
         ||||  || || || || || |||||    |  ||| || |  |||||||||||||| |||| ||||| |
|||||||| || ||||||  | ||||    ||| ||||||| | |||| |||  ||||  |||||   ||| | ||| |
||||| |  || |||||||  |||||||
   12749 tctcaaaacaacaacaacaacaaaaatttataagtcccagagtgagacaacgggtcctacctcacgttac
cgcactagtactgagtgatgtcggagtttaaggcacccaagtttactaggagagcggaaccggagacctcaacaacctt
aatgtccacactcggtggtgtggaccga 12573

D00596: Score 80: 44/51 ( 86%) matches, 2 gaps
   12246 ctcctgcctcag-cctccaagtagctgggattaca-gcatgtgccaccatgcc 12296
         |||||| ||||| | |||||   |||||||||||| ||||| |||||||| ||
   13938 gaggacagagtcagaaggtttcacgaccctaatgtccgtactcggtggtatgg 13886

D00596: Score 99: 53/65 ( 81%) matches, 1 gaps
   13884 tgggtatggtggctcatgcctgtaatcccagcactttggaagactgagacaggagcaattgcttga 139
49
         ||||| |||||||   ||||||||||||||||    ||| || ||||| ||| || ||||||||||
   14692 acccacaccaccgtacacggacattagggtcgatggaccctccgactccgtcttc-ttaacgaact 146
28

Data files

   None.

Notes

   The original "inverted" program (from which einverted was derived) was
   used to annotate the nematode genome. Excluding overlapping repeats
   saved problems with simple repeat sequences in this genome.

   einverted will find optimal alignments but is slower than heuristic
   methods such as BLAST.
   Sometimes you can find repeats using the program palindrome that you
   can't find with einverted using the default parameters.

   This is not due to a problem with either program. It is simply because
   some of the shortest repeats that you find with palindrome's default
   parameter values are below einverted's default cutoff score - you
   should decrease the 'Minimum score threshold' to see them.

   For example, when palindrome is run with 'em:x65921', it finds the
   repeat:

64    aaaactaaggc    74
      |||||||||||
98    ttttgattccg    88

   einverted will not report this as its score is 33 (11 bases scoring 3
   each, no mismatches or gaps) with is below the default score cutoff of
   50.

   If einverted is run as:

   % einverted em:x65921 -threshold 30

   then it will find it:

Score 33: 11/11 (100%) matches, 0 gaps
      64 aaaactaaggc 74
         |||||||||||
      98 ttttgattccg 88

   Anything can be considered to be a repeat if you set the score
   threshold low enough!

   einverted does not report overlapping matches.

   The original "inverted" program was written to annotate the nematode
   genome. Excluding overlapping repeats saved problems with simple
   repeat sequences in this genome.

References

   Some useful references on inverted repeats:

    1. Pearson CE, Zorbas H, Price GB, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M Inverted
       repeats, stem-loops, and cruciforms: significance for initiation
       of DNA replication. J Cell Biochem 1996 Oct;63(1):1-22
    2. Waldman AS, Tran H, Goldsmith EC, Resnick MA. q Long inverted
       repeats are an at-risk motif for recombination in mammalian cells.
       Genetics. 1999 Dec;153(4):1873-83. PMID: 10581292; UI: 20050682
    3. Jacobsen SE Gene silencing: Maintaining methylation patterns. Curr
       Biol 1999 Aug 26;9(16):R617-9
    4. Lewis S, Akgun E, Jasin M. Palindromic DNA and genome stability.
       Further studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 May 18;870:45-57. PMID:
       10415472; UI: 99343961
    5. Dai X, Greizerstein MB, Nadas-Chinni K, Rothman-Denes LB
       Supercoil-induced extrusion of a regulatory DNA hairpin. Proc Natl
       Acad Sci U S A 1997 Mar 18;94(6):2174-9

Warnings

   None.

Diagnostic Error Messages

   None.

Exit status

   It always exits with a status of 0.

Known bugs

   None.

See also

   Program name                   Description
   equicktandem Finds tandem repeats in nucleotide sequences
   etandem      Finds tandem repeats in a nucleotide sequence
   palindrome   Finds inverted repeats in nucleotide sequence(s)

   palindrome also looks for inverted repeats but is much faster and less
   sensitive, as it looks for near-perfect repeats.

Author(s)

   This program was originally written by Richard Durbin
   (rd © sanger.ac.uk)
   Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge,
   CB10 1SA, UK.

   This application was modified for inclusion in EMBOSS by Peter Rice
   (pmr © ebi.ac.uk)
   Informatics Division, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome
   Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK

History

   Written (1999) - Peter Rice

Target users

   This program is intended to be used by everyone and everything, from
   naive users to embedded scripts.

Comments

   None
